Brian Hughes lectures in History at Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick. His publications include Defying the IRA: Intimidation, coercion, and communities during the Irish Revolution (Liverpool University Press, 2016) and, with Conor Morrissey (eds), Southern Irish loyalism, 1912-1949 (Liverpool University Press, 2020). He is currently writing a book on Dublin for Four Courts Press's Irish Revolution, 1912-23 series.